AQA A-level Business | Unit 3.2.2 Reducing the Environmental Impact of Operations

Full Circle

Move a food-packaging business from take, make, dispose toward a circular model, and find out whether it pays.

You have just taken charge of Box to the Future, a mid-size firm that makes the boxes, trays and wraps used by food brands. Today most of what you make is linear: raw material in, packaging out, thrown away after one use. That model is getting more expensive, and the food brands you supply are starting to ask for something greener.

A circular model is different. It designs out waste and keeps materials in use: recyclable and reusable packaging, sustainable sourcing, take-back schemes, and using recycled material to make new packaging. Your job over the next four years is to decide how far, and how fast, to move Box to the Future around that circle.

Marisa Loop
Head of Circular Design, Box to the Future
"Waste is just a design flaw we haven't fixed yet."

Marisa has seen firms rush this and trip over the cost, and seen firms leave it too late and lose their biggest customers. She will brief you before each decision and give you her honest read afterwards. The calls are yours.

What you are steering

Three things move as you act. Watch them, because each year brings pressure that tests them.

  • Circularity. How far you have moved from throwaway packaging toward packaging that gets reused or recycled.
  • Cost resilience. How well the business copes when waste bills, material prices and packaging taxes rise. High resilience means those rises hurt you less.
  • Brand customers. How many of the food brands you supply stay with you rather than switch to a greener rival.

You also get a Budget each year to spend on moves. That is the catch: going circular costs money up front, so you cannot do everything at once.

Data sources & notes

The businesses, people and clients in this simulation are invented for teaching. The regulatory backdrop is real and used only for neutral context.

  • UK Plastic Packaging Tax: charged on plastic packaging containing less than 30% recycled content. The rate rises to Β£228.82 per tonne from 1 April 2026 (GOV.UK, HMRC).
  • Recycled material can cost more than new (virgin) material, and supply of good recycled material is often tight. Industry and government sources note this as a real barrier to switching.

Example data, as of June 2026. Figures are approximate and used for neutral, illustrative framing only.